Humankind Advancing, Vol.1, No.2 April 1990

ON BEING HUMAN

CONTENTS

Quotes from Cousins and from Katz

Editorial

In Search of Capable Pilots
J. Francis Leddy -- [Short excerpt]
Quotes from Muller and from Milbrath

Facing Reality
Roger W. Sperry -- [Science and the Problem of Values; excerpt]
Nelson Graburn -- [Survey response]

Positive, Constructive Suggestions
Melvin Konner -- [Short excerpt]
Quote from Wells
Quote from Miles
World Federalism
Lawrence Abbott
[World Federalism - What? Why? How? -- excerpts]
Quote from Schell
Quotes from Hardin and from Orr & Hill
Robert Muller -- [Short excerpts]

Thought in Action
Ralph W. Burhoe -- [Biographical information]
Paul MacCready -- [Biographical information]

Reflections

References


"The tragedy of life is not death,
but what we let die inside us
while we live."

Norman Cousins

* * * * *
"We cross one great technological and scientific bridge after another, and yet, at this brink of phenomenal success, we seem to have forgotten the fact that we are human."

Solomon Katz (1974)


Editorial

Page 527 of the October 1987 National Geographic shows a photo of a Baltistan woman during a moment of privacy with her infant son. Her face reflects a deep and moving emotion for which our language has no words. Her eyes are closed. She does not smile. Her clothes are crudely mended; her hands, rough and torn, tell tales of hard work since earliest infancy.-- But the tenderness in her face, the expression of gratitude for having this moment with her child, the serenity shining through her features like a silent prayer, are indicators of a special wealth surpassing that of material possessions -- the inner wealth of being human.

No fossil records show at what time this wealth first appeared on earth; no predictions can be made during which century it will vanish. -- And must it vanish? All publications appearing in this periodical are being selected with the wish that it may not.

Baltistan, a disputed district wedged between Pakistan, India, and China, isolated by the Himalayas and other mountain ranges, has until recently been left untouched. Its language, without an alphabet, without writing, is archaic Tibetan. Its highest villages, nested in a breathtakingly beautiful scenery, are accessible only through many miles of dangerous mountain trails. Life is incredibly hard.

Icy winds, even during the summer months, force several generations to huddle together in one-room abodes, built above a cellar, but without chimneys. Chimneys would draw out of the room the precious warmth provided through fires of animal dung and a few scarce twigs. The smoke permeating these rooms leads to tuberculoses and blindness; a death rate of seven children in ten is taken for granted.

The situation cries out for relief, and the task has been started. The article about Baltistan is superscribed "The 20th century comes to Shangri-La." New tourist attracting resorts provide money, but are in glaring discord with indigenous values.

It would be wrong to conclude from the preceding that poverty and hardships elevate. The contrary is the case; if supportive tradition is destroyed, squalor and degradation -- not only physically but also spiritually -- are the most likely result of deprivation, although rare and much celebrated instances of heroism under such conditions are known.

Values grew slowly over centuries, adjusting lives to their environments, and reflecting the insights of outstanding persons. Desperately needed, such insights have acquired the solidity of a supportive framework, a protective shell, which is defended with fanatical zeal, with a zeal that endangers the very substance to be protected -- the common core of humanity.

Every developing organism needs a protective shell -- but that shell restricts as much as it protects, and a time comes during growth and maturation when, to achieve the living being's full form and inherent promise, the protective shell must be discarded. The same applies to a species at the growth tip of evolution. -- Maturation cannot be hastened by piercing the shell with cynicism, nor will cold, logical brilliance help. We will be able to progress toward further development only if the importance of inner experience, the essence of being human, the quality the ancients called the `soul', is fully recognized and adequately nurtured with insights, enlightened by new knowledge, yet moving our hearts with the powerful impact of our forefathers' wisdom.

Peace on earth depends upon the understanding that every nation, every system of belief, is but a temporary support structure for a maturing humanity -- a humanity striving toward the freedom to discover and explore saner and better ways of thinking and acting.

- - -
For the picture and description of living conditions see: "Baltistan: The 20th Century comes to Shangri-La" by Galen Rowell, (with photographs by the author and Barbara Cushman Rowell), National Geographic, 172, pp. 526-550, October 1987.


IN SEARCH OF CAPABLE PILOTS

J. Francis Leddy

It is easy to assume that in this age of vast and growing populations in Asia, Europe, and the Americas the scope of the individual is slight, with little room for independent and significant action. Yet the fundamental fact remains that all ideas originate with the individual, and ideas ultimately govern and direct our actions.

So the natural question arises: is there someone "out there" today who, for good or ill, will influence the direction of the world for decades to come? Of course, there must be, although who and where is a secret from us, reserved for posterity.

Consequently, we must open space, economically, socially and politically, around individuals as much as possible.

- - -
Excerpt from: "The Individual in the Modern World," (1985).

J.Francis Leddy is President of the World Association for World Federation. Addresses: World Association for World Federation, Leliegracht 21, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

or:

United Nations Office, 777 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A.

* * * * *
"Where are the philosophers
who have the courage
to speak out for the whole human race?"

Robert Muller (1982)
Assistant Secretary General
of the United Nations

* * * * *
"It would be helpful if today's society could find some modern-day prophets who understand, much better than ever before, how the world works physically and socially and who also have the breadth and depth of vision to develop a new ethical/normative belief structure that would enable humans so to guide their affairs and redirect the course of their society, that they could live lives of reasonably high quality in a long-run sustainable relationship with nature."

L.W. Milbrath, (1984)


FACING REALITY

Roger W.Sperry -- Excerpt from: "Science and the Problem of Values," (1972).

By evolutionary time standards, the fate of life on our planet has suddenly, and quite abruptly, come to rest on an entirely new form of security and control, based on the machinery of the human brain. The older, non-cognitive controls of nature that have regulated events in our biosphere for hundreds of millions of years, the forces of nature that lifted life from the inorganic to the human level and created man, are no longer in command. Modern man has intervened and now superimposes on nature his own cognitive brand of global domination. The outstanding feature of our times is the occurrence of this radical shift in biospheric controls away from the vast interwoven matrix of pluralistic, time-tested checks and balances of nature, to the much more arbitrary, monistic, and relatively untested mental capacities and impulses of the human brain.

- - -
Despite the beneficial features of human domination, it becomes increasingly apparent that our biosphere is set today on a disaster course as a direct consequence of human intervention. The entire grand design of life, painstakingly evolved over millennia, suddenly is subject to instant destruction, depending only on some passing twist in human affairs. If nuclear extermination is being avoided, other inbuilt, self-destruct features are evident that threaten to bring all civilization to a halt -- if things continue as they are going.

- - -
Societal values tend to be self-corrective to a large degree and to change naturally in response to changing needs and conditions, but in these days of extremely rapid change the time lag is defeative. By the time a voting majority becomes ready to recognize and endorse new values, as it now seems to be doing with respect to pollution and overpopulation, the situation will already have advanced far beyond the state of the optimal ideal toward a condition of intolerability.

- - -
The way to one possible answer can be seen broadly to lie in a fusion of science, ethics, and religion that would bring the insight, knowledge and principles of science to bear upon the whole problem of values and value priorities.

- - -
Excerpt from: "Science and the Problem of Values,"
(1972).

Neuroscientist and Nobel Laureate R.W. Sperry, a pioneer in brain development, in split-brain work, and influential through his scientific, consciousness-dominated mind-brain theory, has increasingly become preoccupied with the need for a responsible global ethic.

* * * * *
Nelson H. H. Graburn, Professor of Anthropology, University of California at Berkeley.

I think the "nature of human nature" is fairly clear and uniform, based on my readings and on my anthropological field experience having lived extensively among different kinds of peoples (Amer-indian/ Europeans/ North American/ Asians). The key ingredient that does not seem to have surfaced in your questions is the will to power, whether personal, political, familial, religious, etc., which pervades all the spheres which you mention. Unfortunately perhaps persons and societies without the will to power have not survived, but those who have it may not survive either.

- - -
Answer to a survey (by Erdmann) "In Search of Values for Human Survival" (1985).


POSITIVE, CONSTRUCTIVE SUGGESTIONS

Melvin Konner

If we are ever to control violence we must first appreciate that humans have a natural, biological tendency to react violently, as individuals or or as groups, in certain situations. If we could understand the details of this response and its determinants, we might begin to grasp some hope of prevention. For example if, as now seems clearly demonstrated, there are biological reasons why women, like other primate females, have a weaker aggressive tendency than males, then it is possible that an overall increase in the percentage of powerful positions held by women may tend to buffer political systems against violence.

Excerpt from The Tangled Wing, (1982).
Melvin Konner is a biological anthropologist from Harvard.

* * * * *
"A federation of all humanity, together with a sufficient measure of social justice to ensure health, education, and a rough equality of opportunity, would mean such a release and increase of human energy as to open a new phase in human history."

H.G. Wells
The Outline of History

* * * * *
"We suddenly realize that there are no significant national problems left. Everything is an international problem. The problems of food, population, poverty, energy, raw materials, space, trade, pollution, disease. All of these transcend national borders and can only be resolved by international cooperation."

Leland Miles (1982)
President of the International Association of University Presidents

* * * * *
World Federalism

Among farsighted and responsible persons, World Federalists stand out. The only rational way out of the lethal combination of international anarchy and unprecedented forces of destruction would be, they believe, the foundation of a World Federation.

The statistics are in fact grim. The explosive power used during the second World War by all involved nations together was only a minute fraction of that now existing on earth. But even if nuclear, biological, or chemical warfare can be avoided, problems such as overpopulation, pollution, destruction of nonrenewable resources, and so on, can only be solved internationally.

The objection that agreements of free nations would be sufficient to accomplish these tasks without the need for a world federation is countered with the answer that such methods have been tried but did not succeed (e.g. the League of Nations, the United Nations in its present form). Without an enforceable system of world order, life on our planet would remain at the mercy of irresponsible nations. But such a system must incorporate the federal principle to prevent it from becoming a power of evil itself.

The federal principle limits the government at the higher level to matters which cannot be accomplished at the next lower level. Thus, any supranational authority would be concerned only with problems that cannot be handled at the national level.

The federal principle is based on the idea that power resides originally with the people. It is a device to prevent the central government from becoming all-powerful. World Federation governed by such a principle would permit each nation to retain its own sovereignty and to act according to its own interests, except when these interests interfere with those of other nations. In such cases an authority transcending national boundaries would take over.

And who would be this supranational authority? That authority would rest in a system of laws worked out by persons with special wisdom and concern for humanity -- persons from all nations on earth.

Endless difficulties have to be overcome until such a world law can be completed and until the major nations of our planet can be brought to accept it. The work is going on since the end of the second World War. Many excellent persons dedicated to the task have ceased to be. (Lawrence Abbott, excerpts of whose work appear below, is one of them.) Its completion -- and the fate of our earth -- depend upon the rallying of fresh talent.

- - -
The address of the World Federalist Association is: 418 Seventh Street, S.E., Washington, DC 20003, USA.

* * * * *
Excerpts from Lawrence Abbott's work have been chosen because his dedication to establish a better and safer world is free of illusions -- either about the difficulty of the task or about human nature -- and therefore promising. -- The very first example shows already that mankind has been capable of advancing in mental maturity and that a further improvement of our conception of justice is therefore possible.

Lawrence Abbott
Excerpts from World Federalism - What? Why? How?

In medieval Europe a time-honored method of settling disputes was "trial by combat." The parties to the dispute would be allowed to fight it out, and the winner of the combat would be permitted by the authorities to have his way. Today we regard that type of trial as incredibly barbarous and unjust. Yet in international affairs its equivalent is still regarded as acceptable.

- - -
We all know that modern civilization would have been impossible without the invention of the wheel. Less obvious but equally true is the fact that it would have been totally impossible without the invention of government as a means of keeping a society orderly and largely nonviolent. Government is a remarkable idea. It combines three necessary elements: (1) written laws, (2) courts to interpret the laws and rule on specific cases, and (3) enforcement officials, including police, to enforce the laws. Together these provide the machinery for peaceful and just settlement of disputes -- and for outlawing violence.

Without government, all of us would be living today in constant fear of robbery and violence. Every home would have to be an armed fort. The strong would take from the weak. Man's energies would be spent largely on self-protection.

Admittedly, governments today are far from perfect. Lawlessness and violence have become serious problems in recent years, especially in large cities. But the inadequacy of current laws, courts, and police, serious as it is, is a far less acute problem than the one we would face if there were a total absence of laws and police.

No society has any real promise of being peaceful and orderly unless its members live under law. Peace and order, of course, are not in themselves guarantees of justice. Governments can be -- and often are -- unfair and oppressive. The degree of justice meted out and the degree to which freedoms are safeguarded depend on the type of government and on the alertness of citizens. But one thing is undeniable: even a crude approximation of justice is unlikely to be attained except through a system of law administered by a government.

- - -
Three problems have grown increasingly critical in recent years: (1) the degrading poverty in which most of the world's population lives, in stark contrast to the affluence of the fortunate few in industrialized and oil-rich nations; (2) the chronic hunger and malnutrition of much of the world's population together with death from starvation of millions in areas of acute food shortages; and (3) the explosive growth of population -- at a rate that doubles world population every 41 years -- in a world that is already overpopulated.

The three problems are of course interrelated. Poverty and food shortages reflect low levels of productivity; people in the less developed countries are poor mainly because they produce so little. To alleviate their poverty, they need to adopt more productive techniques, which entail the acquisition of more efficient tools and machines. These can be acquired either by expenditure of labor and materials or by loan or gift.

But their acquisition can be negated by population growth. If a poor nation increases its total production by 2 percent a year, and its population rises by 2 percent a year, its production per capita -- and therefore its poverty -- remains as dismal as before. To reduce the incidence of famine, the world must increase food production faster than the rate of world population growth.

Taking the long view, it appears impossible to raise the poorest nations out of their perpetual poverty and malnutrition except by bringing to a halt the world's population growth....

Halting population growth, however, is not easily done. The commonly accepted view today is that each family should have the right to decide how many children to have. Limitations on family size by government edict are not compatible with a free society. Certainly a world government should not be given the power to employ compulsory methods of limiting population. The most it should do is provide information and financial help to those nations that request it. And the best that can be said is that a world federation having the power to raise revenue by taxation would have a greater ability to finance such programs than is possible today.

In the meantime, we cannot turn our backs on the misery of the world's poorest people. A supranational institution possessing both the means (through the power of tax) and the authority to distribute financial aid, technical services, and emergency supplies of food could almost certainly alleviate poverty and suffering more efficiently and more equitably than is possible today.

- - -
To summarize: The creation of a world federation would not mean the elimination of national governments or of national differences and loyalties. Its powers would be limited to those necessary for the solution of global problems and maintaining a peaceful world community.

- - -
[Objections:] In this world of selfish human beings, isn't world federalism an impractical dream?

On the contrary, what is impractical and unrealistic is the notion that peace, justice, social improvement, and effective environmental control can be achieved by altruism or by relying on a unity and harmony of interests that does not exist. If we lived in a world where everyone always put the social interest ahead of personal interest, voluntarism and cooperation would succeed admirably. But we do not live in such a world. It is because human beings have conflicting interests and are selfish and hard-headed -- and probably always will be -- that government is needed.

- - -
World federalists are simply seeking to apply to our global society the only method by which a just and stable order has ever been obtained in any society. Are not those who rely on armaments and balance-of-power strategies to keep the peace and resolve disputes the unrealistic visionaries?

- - -
Professor of economics Lawrence Abbott has been an active World Federalist since 1947. He was secretary of the World Federalists Association, a member of its board of directors, President of World Federalists Association of New England, editor of The World Federalist, and a member of the Advisory Board of the American Movement for World Government.

* * * * *
"The world, in freeing itself of one burden, the peril of extinction, must inevitably shoulder another: it must assume full responsibility for settling human differences peacefully."

Jonathan Shell
The Fate of the Earth
* * * * *
"If everyone would restrain himself, all would be well, but it takes only one less than everyone to ruin a system of voluntary restraint. In a crowded world of less than perfect human beings, mutual ruin is inevitable if there are no controls."

Garrett Hardin
The Tragedy of the Commons

* * * * *
"Those motivated by altruism simply eliminate themselves because the integrity of the commons is always at the mercy of the few not subject to conscience."

D.W. Orr and S. Hill (1979)

* * * * *
Robert Muller

Beyond the turmoil, the divisions and perplexities of our time, humanity is slowly but surely finding its ways, limits, and new codes of behavior which will encompass all races, nations, religions and ideologies.

- - -
I had seen all the world's evils, contradictions, and follies during a World War and during my 33 years of world service. Could I despair? Should I give up? Was the universe an immense nonsense? -- No, because I was human, that is, endowed with the highest privileges and perceptions of any living species on this planet; it was up to me to sharpen these admirable instruments called doing, seeing, hearing, thinking, feeling, dreaming, hoping and loving.

- - -
Our new global living is so sudden, so complex, so manifold and mind boggling, it is such a mixture of small and big, global and local, past and future, young and old, that our bewilderment and anxiety are not surprising but rather normal. To humanity I would simply say: Do not despair, but learn.

- - -
Excerpts from New Genesis (1982).

Dr. Robert Muller is the Chancellor of the United Nations University for Peace and was, for 40 years, an official of the United Nations. On his retirement he held the post of Assistant Secretary General. Dr. Muller is a world-renowned spokesman for personal idealism and practical action for peace.


THOUGHT IN ACTION

Ralph W. Burhoe -- Biographical Information.

Throughout his life, Ralph W. Burhoe followed his calling to re-invigorate the Christian religion and to restore its power, not by attempts to return to its fundaments, but through adjusting it to the truths discovered by science and thus making it more credible. Strongly attracted to science himself, Burhoe studied many of its subjects, esp. astronomy, which lent itself naturally to the vision of a grand cosmology, in which progressing evolution formed the stars, the earth, life, humanity. For Burhoe, the most wonderful creation of evolution was the religious experience in the human mind.

Already in early childhood, Burhoe had had the opportunity to observe the difference in the quality of life -- in terms of morals, helpfulness to others, courage, hope, and meaningful activities -- produced by serious belief in religion. As a high school student, he was appalled by the cynicism and hollowness of his fellow students in science, though for him too, science provided advanced truth. During these years, thoughts were born which later led to lifelong action.

He studied science at Harvard and later religion at the Andover Newton Theological School, both already with the intent to merge their contrasting truths into one single and superior one. Hisvocation, however, was delayed for 12 years while he worked at Harvard's meteorological observatory to support his family. When Burhoe was chosen as chief executive officer of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947, the time had come to act. In the aftermath of the second World War, serious discussions with his friends took hold, and in 1954, the Institute on Religion in an Age of Science (IRAS) was founded as an ongoing forum for discussions between scientists and religious persons. Through this Institute, hundreds of the most influential persons worldwide in both fields met each other in fruitful discussions. (For a closer description of the IRAS see the January issue of this periodical.)

In 1965, Burhoe and his friends established the Center for the Advanced Study in Theology and the Sciences (later called the independent Center for Advanced Study in Religion and Science -- CASIRAS) to provide young ministers with a thorough basis of both kinds of truth and explain their essential unity.

In 1966, the quarterly Zygon, the official organ of the IRAS, was started by Burhoe and edited by him until 1980 -- while he shouldered responsible positions during all this time. In 1964 he had exchanged his leading post at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences to work as a professor of theology and science at a Unitarian-Universalist seminary affiliated with the University of Chicago.

In 1980, Burhoe received the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion, the highest prize awarded in the field of religion. According to the Foundation, Burhoe "opened up the possibility that evolutionary theory, once considered the archenemy of religion, now can be interpreted properly to show the inevitable necessity of religion."

- - -
To read Burhoe's thoughts as expressed by himself, please consult the journal ZYGON, which contains many of his articles. Some of them are collected in his book Toward a Scientific Theology (1981).

===================================
Paul MacCready -- Biographical Information.

The well known engineer and innovator Paul MacCready invented and built the first human-powered airplane -- which crossed the Channel between England and France -- the first flying machine flapping its wings, and the first solar-powered car -- feats so far considered impossible by experts in the field.

Believing in the success of unorthodox approaches to problem solving, MacCready studied the construction of bird wings before he built his remarkable airplane. Breakthrough thoughts, he knows, evade experts in a rut to be discovered by the uninitiated.

His favorite story is that of his 10-year old son, whom he had asked -- after struggling himself unsuccessfully with the problem for a long time -- to help him find a method of placing the needle of a magnet onto a water surface so carefully that it would not sink down. The idea his son came up with was to freeze the water, place the needle on it, then carefully thaw it again.

The solution finally used by MacCready differed from his son's suggestion, but he found the completely new approach to the problem -- an approach he himself had never thought about -- so remarkable that his faith in humankind's ability to conquer its dilemmas -- probably from an unexpected direction and through unexpected persons -- became solidly grounded.

More: MacCready achieved not only faith in humankind's potentials, he decided to awaken them. Although his presence at his company, AeroVironment Inc. near Los Angeles, is urgently needed, he uses several weeks to months each year to travel through the United States, and instruct 10-12 year old schoolchildren and their teachers in the subject of "Open-mindedness."

"Open-mindedness -- just like jogging -- can become popular," he says. "If we train as many persons as we can -- and all these train other persons again, and so on -- tens of millions of people will become much more open in their thinking and will be in a far better position to solve these global problems that seem unsolvable to us now. I cannot solve them. But I believe that my work is far more basic than a direct approach to these problems (overpopulation, warfare, pollution, resource depletion). If we teach people how to think, and these thinkers interact, some of them will find solutions we are unable to see now."

- - -
For his instructions in "Open-mindedness," MacCready uses the "Teacher's Notes for CoRT (1-6)," available from Pergamon Press, and books, tapes, games, and handbook from the Edward de Bono Resource Center, P.O.Box 705, Larchmont, N.Y. 10538, among others.

- - -
The information about Paul MacCready is based on the editor's discussions and interviews with him in 1986. (See references for details.)


REFLECTIONS

Reflections on the content of this issue lead to the realization that the major threat to our species is neither nuclear warfare nor environmental degradation. The dominant threat, underlying all others and preventing solutions to them, is the pervasive craving for power. (See Graburn.) Though not universal, that craving is strong enough to negate alternative aspects of human nature, such as humane sentiments and even reason itself.

How did that craving for power arise? It can be traced back through human history to the dawn of its beginning -- and from there throughout prehistory -- back to the time before any human being walked on earth. It is an aspect of life itself -- arising from eternal compulsive forces of inanimate matter. The craving for power is the driving force of evolution.

Are we therefore preprogrammed for species-suicide? We would be if not a new and stronger power were in the process of arising within humanity: the power of foresight, of insight, of wisdom.

Still, this power is weak and may fade from existence unless we become sufficiently aware of its importance. Our species is outstanding through its diversity. The insight of one single person may sway the fate of billions. -- Statistics of human beings slaughtered during wars and mass murders are horrifying; but worse is the thought that the savior of our species may have been among them.

Let us pray that he was not, and let us build altars to wisdom and foresight.


Acknowledgments: I am grateful to N. Graburn, J.F.Leddy, R. Muller, J.R. Platt (excerpt in January issue), and R.W. Sperry for permission to use copyrighted material.


REFERENCES

Abbott, L. (No date). World Federalism - What? Why? How?. Published jointly by the World Federalist Association (Arlington, VA) and the American Movement for World Government (New York).

Burhoe, R.W. (1981). Toward a Scientific Theology. Ottawa: Christian Journals Limited.

Graburn, N. (1985). Survey-response. See In Search of Values for Human Survival, UMI # LD01257, P.86, and Peace Research Reviews, March 1989, P.63. Peace Research Institute-Dundas, Canada.

Katz, S. (1974). The Dehumanization and Rehumanization of Science and Society. Zygon, 9, 126-138.

Konner, M. (1982) The Tangled Wing. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Leddy, J.F. (1985). The Individual in the Modern World. Canadian World Federalist, Oct. 1985.

MacCready, P. (1986). Survey-response. See: In Search of Values for Human Survival, UMI # LD01257, Pp.63-65, and Peace Research Reviews, March 1989, Pp.48-49. Peace Research Institute-Dundas, Canada.

Milbrath, L.W. (1984). Environmentalists: Vanguard for a New Society. Albany, NJ: State University of New York Press.

Miles, L. (1982). Universities for Peace. Vital Speeches of the Day, March 1, 1982.

Muller, R. (1982). New Genesis. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Orr, D.W. and Hill, S. (1979). Leviathan, the Open Society, and the Crisis of Ecology, in The Global Predicament, D.W. Orr & M.S. Soroos, Eds., pp. 75-89. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

Sperry, R.W. (1972). Science and the Problem of Values. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 16(1), 115-130.-- Reprinted in Zygon, 9, 7- 21 (1974). -- Reprinted under new heading "Values: Number One Problem of our Times" in Science and Moral Priority (1983). New York: Columbia University Press. -- Paperback edition (1985), New York: Praeger; now Greenwood (Westport, CT.)