Editorial: This Special Issue is dedicated to the work, thought, and future-oriented global responsibility of Professor Dr. Roger Sperry. The impact of Sperry's philosophy, similar to that of his scientific discoveries previously, has now transcended the boundaries of science and reaches into human awareness worldwide. Dr. Robert Muller, former Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations, for instance, is deeply impressed by, and actively promotes, Sperry's work. -- He fully recognizes the significance of the neuroscientist's theory of emergence and downward causation, which transcends dualism and reductionism, leads in an unbroken continuum from atoms to subjective experience, and describes each newly emergent phenomenon in the universe as an entity in its own right with laws and properties that never before existed. Such new emergents (which disappear in reductionist thinking) affect everything else on earth, including the elements that created them (downward causation) but most importantly the future quality of evolution. Values, thus -- as emergents of brain function -- are recognized as the most powerful determinants on earth, even in the world of science.
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INTRODUCING THE NEUROSCIENTIST
Excerpt from the Foreword by Edward V. Evarts to Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind, 1990.
Roger Sperry's career has had many phases: he has been a student of English literature, a physiological and a cognitive psychol- ogist, a zoologist, an anatomist, and a philosopher.... I soon realized that his contributions are too numerous and too varied for me to cover: he has made important discoveries in developmental biology, in brain mechanisms for control of movement, and in the cognitive psychology of hemispheric specialization.
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Edward V. Evarts (d. July 2, 1985) was associated with the Laboratory of National Institutes of Mental Health in the U.S.A.
SPECIAL ISSUE
Dedicated to the work and thought of
ROGER W. SPERRY
Nobel Laureate, Neuroscientist, Philosopher and Futurist
Futurists and common sense concur
that a substantial change, worldwide,
in life style and moral guidelines
will soon become an absolute necessity.
Sperry, 1981
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Excerpts from an article by David Ottoson in the Final Report of the
VENICE SYMPOSIUM, Paris: UNESCO, 1986.
In the last two decades there has been a dramatic development in brain research, only rivalled by the advances in molecular biology in the early 1950s and the progress in physics at the beginning of this century.
The major breakthrough in our understanding of the higher functions of the brain was the discovery of Roger Sperry, Professor of Psychology at the California Institute of Technology, of the functional specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain. Since the two hemispheres are anatomically almost identical it had for a long time generally been assumed that in principle the two halves of the brain had similar functions. However, it is interesting to note that as early as 1861, it was demonstrated by a French neurologist, Pierre Paul Broca, that the centre for speech is localized in the left hemisphere. ....Later observations, particularly on soldiers wounded in the two world wars, indicated that the two hemispheres have different functions also in other aspects, but largely the functional differences between them remained unknown until the early 1950s when Roger Sperry made his pioneering discoveries which soon received world-wide attention and for which in 1981 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Sperry's research thus established that the two hemispheres are specialized, each having its own specific functional characteristics. The left hemisphere is analytical, sequential and rational while the right is synthetic, holistic, and intuitive. (P.115)
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David Ottoson, President of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, is Professor and Head of the Department of Physiology at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden.
INTRODUCING THE THINKER AND FUTURIST
Excerpts from the Editor's Preface by Colwyn Trevarthen to Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind, 1990.
Reflection on the manifestations of conscious awareness in the surgically divided brain led Sperry, in 1965, to publish the first of a remarkable series of philosophical papers. Under the title "Mind, Brain and Humanist Values," he proposed a new mentalist monist theory of mind that breaks with established behaviorist traditions in giving subjective experience a prime controlling role in brain function and behavior.
Though greeted with some scepticism initially, this mentalist view of consciousness based on emergence and downward causation was destined within ten years to replace behaviorism as the dominant foundational philosophy of behavioral science. (P.xxxiii)
Consciousness is conceived as an entirely natural process, emerging from activity in cerebral networks, different from, but also inseparable from, the neural activity generating it. Its control over neuronal activity is gained by virtue of higher "functionalist" and "downward-control" properties. [Sperry] portrays consciousness as a special instance of a general principle, "macrodeterminism," in which the higher more evolved forces throughout nature exert control over their lower components.... He contends that this view, integrating macro- with microdeterminism and the causal reality of mental states is a more valid foundation for all science, not just psychology, with "endless humanistic implications for philosophy, religion and human values." (Sperry 1983, 1988). (Pp.xxxiii/xxxiv)
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Colwyn Trevarthen is professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland - Department of Psychology.
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Excerpts from Beyond a World Divided by Erika Erdmann and David Stover.
The grand scheme of evolving nature has been and will be interpreted in many different ways. When Sperry suggests that we accept its manifest forward and upward thrust as our highest value and guiding principle, he understands and interprets it as a progression
from misinformation to true knowledge
from incompatible worldviews to a unifying belief system
from catastrophic disasters and cruelty to humane solutions
to our global predicament
from a hands-off policy in the face of foreseeable epidemics
and global mass starvation to an attitude of foresight,
concern, and responsibility
from mutual destruction in the name of incompatible absolute
truths to an empirical framework for values
from a narrow egocentric and anthropocentric perspective to
a larger vision, including not only all mankind,
present and future, but the entire interrelated web of life
from a blind rush toward extinction to an enlightened advance
toward yet unrevealed further wonders of evolution.
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Erika Erdmann was Dr. Sperry's library research assistant for 9 years. David Stover is a freelance writer.
SPERRY SPEAKS
Excerpted from "The Impact and Promise of the Cognitive Revolution," by Roger W. Sperry, American Psychologist, 48, 878-885. (Copyright 1993 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission. -- Emphasis added.)
SCIENCE, VALUES, AND SURVIVAL¹
1) Subtitle in the above cited article. Sperry used the same words, "Science, Values, and Survival," also as title for another article with a different content. (See: Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 26,(2), Spring 1986, pp.8-23.)
Today's mounting global ills will not be cured merely by applying more or better science or technology. Despite the marvels and apparent successes of science and technology, the gains are typically offset by the ever-expanding demands of a growing human population. Amidst rising population pressures, almost anything that enables more people to fare or thrive better - a new energy source, an aqueduct, another mass transit system, or even environmental reform - inevitably has the long term result of a further escalation in our collective problems. Until population is stabilized, this vicious spiral paradox means that many seemingly desirable innovations with obvious short-term benefits just serve in the long run to put us deeper and deeper into a no-win position. Thus, slowly but surely, our civilization becomes ever more deeply enmeshed in a vicious spiral of mounting population, pollution, energy demands, environmental degradation, urban overcrowding and associated crime, homelessness, and hopelessness. With one thing reinforcing another, we become more and more firmly entrapped year by year.
What is needed to break this vicious spiral is a basic revision worldwide in human life-styles, aims, and attitudes, with redirection of social values and policy toward more long-term priorities that will preserve an evolving quality of life for future generations. A major reconception of the human venture is called for, a higher overarching perspective including ultimate goals and values, or, as Einstein put it in reference to atomic power, "We need a new way of thinking if mankind is to survive." (cited in Clark, 1972, p.717)
The new way of thinking, spawned by the cognitive (consciousness) revolution², shows strong promise in this direction. Reversing previous doctrine in science, the new paradigm affirms that the world we live in is driven not solely by mindless physical forces but, more crucially, by subjective human values. Human values become the underlying key to world change (Sperry, 1972, 1991a). In large part, the "battle to save the planet" becomes a battle over values.
2) The consciousness revolution (1965-1975) is the switch from disregard of consciousness in psychology and the behavioral sciences to preoccupation with it.
The reason conventional values are not working today and have been driving our ecosystem toward collapse is because the starting assumptions are wrong for modern times. Human values are not absolute; they are not immutably prefixed by natural law or divine ordination. Human values by nature are evolutionary, interrelated, and conditional on the context in which they evolve (Pugh, 1977). To cling to unchanging values in a rapidly changing world can be fatal.
For centuries it has been the starting assumption that because human life is special, even sacred, the more people the better. "Go forth and multiply and take dominion..." was morally good at the time the scriptures were written. Two thousand years later, however, with the global situation reversed and an exploding world population with its multiform side effects threatening to destroy everything we value, it follows that because human life is precious, even sacred, less is better. "Retract and multiply less" becomes today's prime imperative. Such an inescapable reversal in our basic starting assumptions overturns an entire complex of long-revered, centuries-old tradition. Today's world calls for a whole new, higher outlook, with moral convictions that can override long-cherished value systems of the past, including long-esteemed traits deeply inherent in human nature itself but evolved without regard for the projected effects in today's kind of world. A more far-sighted vision is required for what it means to be humane.
Considering the massive carryover and long-term momentum in world population growth and assuming that ecologic irreversabilities plus social system breakdowns are bound to occur well in advance of the final crunch, there may be much less time than we think. Twenty-five years ago we could still see a choice: either adopt new, more sustainable values by foresight or have them forced by the mounting intolerabilities in living conditions (Sperry, 1972). Today, almost everywhere we turn, the signs of overload, overcrowding, and intolerability are showing. Rising demands for subsistence in a direly depleted, degraded ecosphere are not the sole concern.
In numerous subtle and unsubtle ways overpopulation tends to desensitize humanity and demean the individual person as increasingly expendable. Our sense of the specialness of human life, its meaning, singular worth, dignity, and wonder undergoes an insidious, unobtrusive but inexorable erosion to which our inherent human nature is particularly vulnerable. The process is so slow and the habituation capacity of the human brain so great that the adverse trends, spread over decades or even generations, tend to be taken for granted. (Emphasais added.)
Instead of our longtime social evasion of sensitive population issues, we need intensive study and open debate toward informed views of what optimal population levels might be, regionally and globally, and what ideals to strive for in an overall guiding plan for existence on planet Earth. We urgently need bright new utopian goals we can at least aim for, instead of drifting further with outdated guidelines of a distant past.
It is important to remember that the more rarity, diversity, and contrast in our lives and in the world we live in, the greater the value and meaning. A world overrun, dominated by, and designed to maximize, equalize, and homogenize the "human carrying capacity" automatically degrades and demeans human life. We all tend to adjust to our own personal "baseline of happiness," below which life is depressing and above which it is rosy. Our baselines need not be all identical and equalized; the proven benefits of biodiversity do not stop at the human social order.
The overall immensity and many facets of the global rescue effort we now face, environmentally, and in social and moral priorities, not to mention the international legislation needed to implement and secure the various reforms, add up to a most formidable task. When we add in the urgency now required to ensure a decent viable ecosphere, the hurdle seems almost insurmountable.
We are well past the point at which we can leave to the next few generations the type of ecosphere that they deserve or that we inherited. The increasingly hard choices ahead will further pit growing human needs against the rest of nature. Decisions not to have additional much-desired children, to forego lucrative industrial profits, and to abandon cherished livelihoods, for example, might all come more readily were they reinforced by the pressure of a public moral sense, backed by the power of a religiouslike conviction. In short, a non-catastrophic outcome to what has seemed a losing battle would appear to demand nothing short of a rapid conversion of all humankind to a changed sense of the sacred, a changed sense of ultimate value and the highest good. Such a shift at the very top would then condition the entire hierarchy of social values and thus tend to drive all the other reforms.
Science Consistent Guidelines
Aside from the urgency factor, some of us see a possible ray of hope in the outlook now emerging from the consciousness-cognitive revolution in science. A new way of thinking and perceiving, that integrates mind and matter, facts and values, and religion and science brings more realistic insights into the kinds of forces that made and move the universe and created humankind. A deep moral basis is provided for environmentalism, population balance, and other measures that would preserve and enhance our world, instead of destroying it. Humanity's creator becomes universalized in the vast interwoven fabric of the grand overall design of all evolving nature, with special focus on our own biosphere. The cosmic forces of creation become inextricably interfused with creation itself. Evolution, driven by emergent and subjective dynamics from above downward as well as from below upward, becomes a gradual emergence of increased directedness, purpose, and meaning among the forces that move and govern living things.
The highest good is seen as an ever-evolving quality of existence, with a continuing open-ended future as a sine qua non for preserving higher meaning.
The sanctity of human life is perceived as a framework in which the very definition of human rights includes and depends on the rights and welfare of coming generations. (Emphasis added.) (Sperry, 1991a).
Perspectives of this kind, based in the credibility and universality of science and taken as a common core for human value-belief systems, might prove an acceptable foundation at the United Nations on which to build a system of world law and justice and at the same time help to arouse a deep sense of outrage at what modern humanity is doing to itself and its future generations.
The promise of the cognitive revolution is multiform, but in the context of today's global ills and our imperiled future it may be seen to rest in its bringing to science a higher role and level of meaning, one that uses the emergent properties of specialized brain processes to offer new beliefs and value systems for the 21st century.
(References cited on last 2 pages.)
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SELECTIONS FROM PREVIOUS WORK
Excerpts from a discussion during the first Conference on The Central Nervous System and Behavior (Sperry 1958)
I have never been entirely satisfied with the materialistic or behavioristic thesis that a complete explanation of brain function is possible in purely objective terms with no reference whatever to subjective experience, i.e., that in scientific analysis we can confidently and advantageously, disregard the subjective properties of the brain process. I do not mean we should abandon the objective approach or repeat the errors of the earlier introspective era. It is just that I find it difficult to believe that the sensations and other subjective experiences per se serve no function, have no operational value and no place in our working models of the brain. (Pp.420/421)
Excerpts from Mind, Brain, and Humanist Values (Sperry, 1965)
Any model or description that leaves out conscious forces...is bound to be sadly incomplete and unsatisfactory....This scheme is one that puts mind back over matter, in a sense, not under or outside or beside it. It is a scheme that idealizes ideas and ideals over physical and chemical interactions, nerve impulse traffic, and DNA. It is a brain model in which conscious mental psychic forces are recognized to be the crowning achievement of some five hundred million years or more of evolution.
Excerpts from Science and the Problem of Values (Sperry, 1972)
It seems important that the social value factor be more generally recognized as a powerful causal agent in its own right and something to be dealt with directly as such. No more critical task can be projected for the 1970s than that of seeking for civilized society a new, elevated set of value guidelines more suited to man's expanded numbers and new powers over nature, a frame of reference for value priorities that will act to secure and conserve our world instead of destroying it. Emphasis added) (P.119)
The grand design of nature perceived broadly in four dimensions, including the forces that move the universe and created man, with special focus on evolution in our own biosphere, is something intrinsically good that it is right to preserve and enhance, and wrong to destroy and degrade. (P.127)
The upward thrust of evolution as part of the design becomes something to preserve and revere. (P.128)
Excerpts from The Human Predicament: A Way Out? (Sperry, 1985)
It is mutual fear and distrust that mostly generate world tensions and these can be traced in no small measure, like other root causes of worsening world conditions, to different people's conflicting and often intolerant, value-belief differences....Whereas in the past science did little, if anything, to remedy this situation and in some ways made things worse, our reformed `macro-determinist'* science that includes consciousness and subjective values....provides common universal ethical foundations on which all nations could work to build a World Government or at least a World Security System to help control nuclear developments and other global threats that require international collaboration. (P.3) [*macro-determinism = downward causation]
To see a promising solution to a dilemma and then just leave it to questionable development at its own pace without trying to aid its implementation would seem a dereliction. (P.4)
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On the basis of the above paper, the Institute of Advanced Philosophic Research in the U.S.A. presented Dr. Sperry with its annual award for the best problem-solution paper of contemporary philosophy.
Excerpts from Toward a Higher System of World Law and Justice (Sperry, 1986) [Emphasis the L.A.Editor's]
The time has passed when nations should be allowed to do as they individually wish with regard to global matters, each striving solely in its own interests, with the more powerful now able to destroy all humanity and more.
For the common good, we need to frame and abide by a higher system of law and justice, designed with less national, more godlike, perspectives for the preservation and welfare of the biosphere as a whole.
The problems of setting up and administering an effective, international force of this kind can hardly be more grave, formidable or insoluble than those we encounter on any alternative course.
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Editor's Comment:
Just before this issue of the quarterly was to go out to the printer, a letter came from Dr. Antonio E. Puente, Professor of Psychology at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, containing the copy of an "Outstanding Lifetime Contribution Award" bestowed to Professor R.W. Sperry by the American Psychological Association during their 101th convention in Toronto, August 1993.(Reprinted below)
The last recipient of this prestigious award had been Professor B.F. Skinner.
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American Psychological Association Citation for
OUTSTANDING LIFETIME CONTRIBUTION AWARD
On the occasion of the 101st annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, the organization is honored to acknowledge your lifetime contributions to psychology, science, and humanity.
For over half a century, you have developed a superlative scientific research program second to none. You have questioned conventional wisdom through innovative and methodologically rigorous research. The extraordinary range of studies includes neural plasticity tested by nerve and muscle transplantation, selective patterning in growth of nerve connections, cytospecificy and chemoaffinity theory, neural mechanisms in perception of memory, split-brain approach to cerebral organization, and hemispheric specialization. For these latter accomplishents, the Nobel Committee awarded the Medicine/Physiology award in 1981 to you, the first individual to have been trained in psychology to whom they have given this prestigious honor.
As early as 1952 you showed prophetic insight into problems now being addressed in this era of the cognitive revolution with your ideas on the mind-brain problem and consciousness. As the American Psychological Association begins its second century, you again bring forth original and revolutionary concepts that place psychology in a leadership role not only in science, but in the world at large.
For your lifetime contributions to psychology, science, and humanity the members of the American Psychological Association take pride in presenting this citation to you.
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IN SUPPORT OF SPERRY'S CONCERN WITH POPULATION GROWTH
Each new generation must raise again the moral principles, the distinction between good and bad, the ethics of human life on this planet. These ethics have been changing greatly in the last few years. Certain values which were considered sacred for a long time have become less sacred of late. For example, having children was considered sacred by most religions, but suddenly, in view of the population explosion, to bear children has a different connotation. New ethics are being formed under our very eyes, for example, a renewed respect for nature which heretofore we wanted to exploit without limits.
Robert Muller (1978)
Former Assistant Secretary General
of the United Nations
ALTERNATIVE POINTS OF VIEW
The single most important contribution any of us can make to the planet is a return to frugality.
Robert Muller (1992)
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In response to a preview of Sperry's lead article, one of the most prominent subscribers to Humankind Advancing sent me an article from The Southern Syndicate (April 3, 1993) by DAVID SUZUKI, entitled "Overpopulation is Bad, but Overconsumption is Worse." I did not receive permission to use excerpts from this paper; Suzuki's articles can be re-published only in full or not at all. But the quote below from the NEW ROAD MAP FOUNDATION Annual Report 1992, (p. 9) provides information of a similar nature:
"We, who represent only 6 percent of the world's population, spend 40 percent of the world's resources. This consumer spending, considered the lifeblood of the US economy, is bleeding the planet dry. Overconsumption by the few at the expense of the many is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything except, perhaps, population growth."
THOUGHT IN ACTION
The NEW ROAD MAP FOUNDATION (PO Box 15981, Seattle, WA 98115-0981, U.S.A.) founded by JOE DOMINGUEZ and VICKY ROBIN, is an all-volunteer, non-profit organization that teaches a new way to achieve a humane, sustainable future for our world through a more frugal, but healthier and happier life.
Joe Dominguez was a successful analyst on Wall Street before retiring at the age of thirty-one. The following is excerpted from their 1992 Annual Report:
"We at the New Road Map Foundation see the empowered and responsible individual as the key to positive change. We have committed ourselves to the task of educating and empowering individuals to be conscious creators of their own future and the future of the world."
Our mission is to contribute to the creation of new "road maps" in two ways (to quote our charter):
1. To provide education for the general public in skills and techniques for assuming personal responsibility for positive changes within themselves and their family, community, country and world.
2. To distribute all net proceeds from the education program to other 501(c)(3)(nonprofit) organizations that both demonstrate and foster in others the power of personal responsibility and personal initiative."
Pp.14-17 of the report show an impressive list of 23 such organizations and 6 projects which have received grants and support from the New Road Map Foundation in 1991.
Lansing Scott reports in the Seattle Community Catalyst (Dec. 1992) that "by 1991 over 30 000 people had taken their course, `Transforming Your Relationship with Money and Achieving Financial Independence,' [on which their bestseller Your Money or Your Life is based], available in an audiocassette-and-workbook package."
He quotes Dominguez describing the effects of a general implementation of his program: "Our educational system would improve dramatically, the infrastructure would improve dramatically, we would pay off our national dept in no time flat, and we'd get into steady-state sustainable economics real quick." Neither would long working hours be necessary. "The industrial revolution was won! ... isn't that what all the technology was supposed to have meant? That we could eliminate dumb jobs, and get on with what's important in life?"
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There is no more beautiful profession on Earth than to unite humans.
Pérez de Cuéllar
Former Secretary General of the United Nations
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CREATIVE LEARNING INTERNATIONAL, INC., #503-1505 W., 2nd. Avenue, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6H 3Y4, is a new and original undertaking that uses the successful methods of the free enterprise system to redirect human thinking away from exploitation and toward a new world of harmony and mutual support.
Its founders, DESMOND BERGHOFER and GERALDINE SCHWARTZ, are sparkling with fresh ideas and an amazing vision. They feel as much at home in a sensation-hungry crowd of youngsters as in the company of the world's deepest thinkers, as much on the brown, depleted savannahs of Africa as among the high society and leaders of the world.
Desmond Berghofer's values were formed in an Australian farming family, his intellect and his versality with the thoughts of different persons on earth are the result of his study in England and Canada and his position as Assistant Deputy Minister of Advanced Education in the Government of Alberta, a position that provided extensive national and international experience. Delegations brought him to the Commonwealth, China, and UNESCO. But his energy and his passionate concern for our future and that of our planet led to dissatisfaction with a cumbersome bureaucracy, endless and fruitless debates of the world's delegates, and stagnant thinking patterns.
His alternative solution is expressed through history-based fictional characters in his dramatic novel The Visioneers (Vancouver: Creative Learning International Press, 1992) and through an audio theatre broadcast to 60 countries by Radio for Peace International (available as a set of 10 audio tapes). His hope for our future lies in the release of human creativity and the formation of a mutually supporting and empowering worldwide network of thinkers and doers, dedicated to the change of thinking habits from preoccupation with past wrongs and injustices to a common vision of a better world -- a vision that would draw us forward rather than block our progress.
Berghofer does not only talk about his "visioneers," he creates them. Together with psychologist Geraldine Schwartz (his wife), he founded the network described in his book and is inviting every courageous and highminded person on earth to participate.
REFLECTIONS
Visions must have a solid grounding in reality to work. For instance, how often are the problems of unrestricted population increase and unrestricted consumption debated as "either- or" issues, while our future is endangered by both. A limited earth cannot possibly provide for an unlimited population. Even if voluntary frugality and the rejection of useless clutter make life more meaningful at the outset, eventually true sacrifices will become necessary, involving a person's health and the stunting of his or her most precious and promising gifts and potentials. But the same stunting of gifts and potentials occurs through one-sided money orientation, greed and overconsumption. Demand for more material goods is insatiable and would turn our beautiful earth into hell, even with only a fraction of the present population density.
Both problems are complex and interrelated. Sperry (who concentrates on the population problem in his lead article, but also argues against waste and overconsumption elsewhere) clearly points to dangers other than hunger and physical deprivation. Friction increases, crime increases with increasing numbers -- as evident when rural life is compared with city life -- and the value of the individual life is reduced. But neither is the solution of the population question alone an ultimate panacea. Persons brought up as single children are widely known as more spoiled and selfish than others. (Sperry, who is aware of these difficulties, suggests to bring cousins up together.)
The greatest error is to equate unlimited access to material goods and unlimited freedom with ultimate happiness and satisfaction. Happiness and satisfaction are elusive goals, like mirages in the desert forever receding from their pursuer. But they reappear as unintended side effects if the goal is changed -- if development of one's special potentials and the use of these potentials for a worthwhile task become the targets.
Therefore, it is not necessary to ask for "sacrifices" to improve conditions on earth. What is needed is the readjustment of our goals and targets from the chasing of mirages to the pursuit of realistic aims: Not maximum wealth, but an optimum that provides for good health, education, and concern for our earth and our future. Not a life without problems, but a life that presents problems as challenges and their conquerors as heros. Not a depleted, devastated earth filled to maximum capacity with desperate people, but an optimum balance between the bounty and richness of our environment, and the vast and unexplored inner treasures of humankind.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank Dr. R.W. Sperry for his standing permission to quote from his work, The American Psychological Association for permission to quote from the American Psychologist, David Ottoson and UNESCO to quote from the Venice Symposium (1986) and Vicky Robin for permission to quote from the 1992 Annual Report of the New Road Map Foundation.
REFERENCES
Berghofer, D. The Visioneers. Vancouver: Creative Learning International, Inc. 1992.
Clark, R.W. Einstein: The life and times. New York: Avon. 1972.
Dominguez, J. and Robin, V. Your Money or Your Life. Viking, 1992.
Erdmann, E. and Stover, D. Beyond a World Divided. Human Values in the Brain-Mind Science of Roger Sperry. Boston: Shambhala, 1991.
Evarts E.V. Coordination of Movement as a Key to Higher Brain Function: Roger W. Sperry's Contributions from 1939 to 1952. Foreword of Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind. Essays in Honor of Roger W. Sperry. Ed. Colwyn Trevarthen, pp. xiii-xxvi. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Muller, R. Human Relations in a Divided World (1978). In Dialogues of Hope by Robert Muller. Ardsley-on-Hudson, NY: World Happiness and Cooperation, 1990.
Muller, R. -- as quoted by Vicki Robin in the New Road Map Foundation Annual Report, 1992. Contact: Post Office Box 15981, Seattle, WA 98115-0981
Ottoson, D. Implications of Recent Advances in Brain Research For the Understanding of Higher Cognitive Functions. Science and the Boundaries of Knowledge: the Prologue of our Cultural Past (Venice Symposium - Final Report), pp.115-116. Paris: UNESCO, 1986.
Pérez de Cuéllar -- as quoted in My Testament to the UN by Robert Muller, p.78. Ardsley-on-Hudson, NY: World Happiness and Cooperation, 1992.
Pugh, G.E. The Biological Origin of Human Values.
New York: Basic Books. 1977.
Robin, V. New Road Map Foundation. Annual Report, 1992. Contact: Post Office Box 15981, Seattle, WA 98115-0981
Sperry, R.W. Discussion during the first conference on The Central Nervous System and Behavior, 1958. (Published in 1959 by Madison Print, New Jersey. Ed. M.A.B.Brazier.)
- 1965 Mind, Brain and Humanist Values. In New Views of the Nature of Man. Ed. John R. Platt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- 1972 Science and the Problem of Values. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine, 16, 115-130.
- 1981 Changing Priorities. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 4:1-15.
- 1983 Science and Moral Priority. Columbia University Press, New York. 1985 edition, Greenwood/Praeger, Westport (CT).
- 1985 The Human Predicament: A Way Out? -- Presented at Commencement Symposium, Oberlin College, May 25, 1985. Printed in Contemporary Philosophy,Vol.XI,,#6, (1986) pp.2-4
- 1986 Toward a Higher System of World Law and Justice. Los Angeles Times, Oct.5, 1986. Opinion-Section.
- 1988 Psychology's Mentalist Paradigm and the Religion/
Science Tension. American Psychologist, 43:607-13.
- 1991a Search for Beliefs to Live by Consistent with Science. Zygon, Journal of Religion & Science, 26, 237-258.
- 1993 The Impact and Promise of the Cognitive Revolution. American Psychologist, 48, 878-885.
Trevarthen, C. - Roger W. Sperry's Lifework and our Tribute. Editor's Preface of Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind. Essays in Honor of Roger W. Sperry. Ed. Colwyn Trevarthen, pp. xxvii-xxxvii. Cambridge University Press, 1990.